{"id":23206,"date":"2021-07-12T22:04:51","date_gmt":"2021-07-12T22:04:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/?p=23206"},"modified":"2021-07-12T22:04:51","modified_gmt":"2021-07-12T22:04:51","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%87%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%82%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%87%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"textandnotes\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631\u062a 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<a id=\"bodyftn2\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn2\">2<\/a>. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a<a id=\"bodyftn3\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn3\">3<\/a>&#8230;\u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">2<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a 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href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn4\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">3<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0640\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062e\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u062e \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629<a id=\"bodyftn4\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn4\">4<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">4<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064f\u0635\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644<span lang=\"ar\" xml:lang=\"ar\">\u0623<\/span>\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">5<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0632\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 &#8211; \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">5<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u060c\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.- \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.- \u0635.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn5\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">6<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0631. \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0640\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647&#8221;<a id=\"bodyftn5\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn5\">5<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">7<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 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Mercier) \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">6<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646&#8230; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<br \/>\nMeskaldji, S. : La medina de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn6\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">11<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0641\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<a id=\"bodyftn6\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn6\">6<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">7<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u060c\u00a0<\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn7\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">12<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634&#8230; \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0643\u0644&#8221;<a id=\"bodyftn7\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn7\">7<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">13<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">14<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">15<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a E. Mercier<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0627\u062d<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u0640<\/span>\u0638 \u0645\u0640\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0633\u064a E. Mercier \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f &#8220;\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0640\u0629&#8221;. \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0640\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0642 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221;) \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">16<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">17<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">18<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">19<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 10\uf025 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">8<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8230;\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn8\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">9<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn9\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">20<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627<a id=\"bodyftn8\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn8\">8<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d (1771-1792) \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 &#8220;\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646<a id=\"bodyftn9\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn9\">9<\/a>&#8221; \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0628\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\">2. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">10<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062a\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644:<br \/>\n&#8220;\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn10\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">21<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0641&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627<a id=\"bodyftn10\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn10\">10<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1792\u0645 \u061b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u064a (1792-1795\u0645) \u061b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1857\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li><span class=\"num\">11<\/span>\u00a0&#8211; Bourouiba, R. : Constantine.- Alger, \u00e9d. Minist\u00e8re de la culture, 1976.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">12<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn12\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">13<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn13\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">14<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0633\u0640\u0645<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u0640<\/span>\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631&#8221; \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648 (L. Feraud\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn14\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">22<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0635\u064a<a id=\"bodyftn11\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn11\">11<\/a>\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1736 \u0648 1754\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645&#8221; \u0633\u0646\u0629 1775\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a&#8221;. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><a id=\"bodyftn12\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn12\">12<\/a>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221; \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631<a id=\"bodyftn13\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn13\">13<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1730 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631&#8221;<a id=\"bodyftn14\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn14\">14<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0648\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646) \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">15<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062c\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn15\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">23<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0640\u0645<a id=\"bodyftn15\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn15\">15<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">16<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0642\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 : \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 13\u0647\u0640\/(18-19\u0645).- \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn16\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">24<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636: \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627<a id=\"bodyftn16\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn16\">16<\/a>\u00a0\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629&#8221; \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">17<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 (\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629).- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 1983.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">25<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0633\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633&#8221;. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a &#8220;\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f&#8221;. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f&#8221; \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0640\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a &#8220;\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0627&#8230; \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647<strong>\uf021<\/strong>\u00a0<a id=\"bodyftn17\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn17\">17<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">26<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0640&#8221;\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629&#8221; \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0623 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0640\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642&#8221; \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">18<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0&#8211; Berque, J. : Maghreb histoire et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.- Alger, SNED, Paris, Duculot, 1974.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">27<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629) \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0630\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629<a id=\"bodyftn18\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn18\">18<\/a>. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 &#8220;\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">28<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0644&#8221;) \u0648 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 : &#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639&#8221; \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639&#8221; \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621&#8221; \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0628&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641&#8221; \u0648\u0623\u062a\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"text\" class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"text wResizable large\">\n<p class=\"paragraphesansretrait\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"Table1\" class=\"texte alignright\" dir=\"rtl\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0640\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0640\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0644<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0640\u0640\u0641<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062e\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u062f\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td dir=\"rtl\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">29<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0640\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 &#8220;\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">19<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f:<br \/>\n&#8211; Raymond, A. : Caract\u00e9risti\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn19\">(&#8230;)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">30<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8230; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u063a&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0647\u0644\u0629<a id=\"bodyftn19\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn19\">19<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<ul class=\"sidenotes\">\n<li dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"num\">20<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1256\u0647\u0640. \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 &#8220;Artisan<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">&#8221; \u0631<\/span>\u0642\u0645 :322 \u0648657 \u0648725 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\"><span class=\"paranumber\">31<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0647\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0647\u0645<a id=\"bodyftn20\" class=\"footnotecall\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#ftn20\">20<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">32<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646&#8230;&#8221;. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0640\u0632\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">33<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641&#8221; \u0648 &#8220;\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062d&#8221; &#8220;\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0623\u0648&#8221; \u0632\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637&#8221;<strong>\u2026<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0641&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u064e\u064a\u0650\u0633&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0629&#8221;. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">34<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0640\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0642&#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629&#8230; \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635: \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 &#8220;\u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0627\u0648\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a &#8220;\u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u062a&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0635\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 &#8220;\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0633&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 &#8220;\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 &#8220;\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645&#8221;&#8230; \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"paranumber\">35<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0644\u0641\u0640\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"go-top\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#article-5889\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/a><\/div>\n<div id=\"notes\" class=\"section\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<h2 class=\"section\"><span class=\"text\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn1\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn1\">1<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u060c\u00a0<\/span>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.- \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c (15-17 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0644 1992)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0629.- \u0635.61.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn2\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn2\">2<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<br \/>\nBadjadja, A. : La bataille de Constantine 1836-1837.- Constantine, \u00e9d Baath. S.D<br \/>\nTemimi, A. : Le beylick de Constantine et Haj Ahmed Bey 1830-1837.- Tunis, Publications de la revue d\u2019histoire maghr\u00e9bine, 1978<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\"><a id=\"ftn3\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn3\">3<\/a>\u00a0&#8211; Brebner, Ph. : The impact of Thomas R. Bugeaud and the decree of 9 june 1844 on the developpment of Constantine, Algeria.- R.O.M.M, 1984, 2. n\u00b0 36.- p.p. 5-14.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn4\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn4\">4<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\nKateb, Y. : Nedjma (roman).- Paris, \u00e9d. Le seuil.- p.101.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn5\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn5\">5<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u060c\u00a0<\/span>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 : \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a :\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.- \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.- \u0635.154.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn6\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn6\">6<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646&#8230; \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<br \/>\nMeskaldji, S. : La medina de Constantine activit\u00e9 et population.- Th\u00e8se de 3e cycle en g\u00e9og. am\u00e9nagement. Univ. P. Valery, Montpellier III, D\u00e9c. 1985<br \/>\nSpiga, S. : Organisation et pratiques de l\u2019espace urbain constantinois.- Magister en g\u00e9og. univ. de Constantine, 1986.- 229 p<br \/>\nPagand, B. : Constantine de la medina \u00e0 l\u2019agglom\u00e9ration.\u2026- Op. cit\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn7\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn7\">7<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u060c\u00a0<\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 : \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644.- \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.- \u0635.129.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn8\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn8\">8<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8230;\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631.\u0635.30.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn9\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn9\">9<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641&#8230; \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 &#8221; \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a&#8221; \u062a\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn10\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn10\">10<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062a\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644:<br \/>\n&#8220;\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627<br \/>\n\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644..&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\"><a id=\"ftn11\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn11\">11<\/a>\u00a0&#8211; Bourouiba, R. : Constantine.- Alger, \u00e9d. Minist\u00e8re de la culture, 1976.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn12\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn12\">12<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Haussman). \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0631 (Brebner) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn13\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn13\">13<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn14\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn14\">14<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062a\u0640\u0633\u0640\u0645<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\u0640<\/span>\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 &#8220;\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631&#8221; \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648 (L. Feraud) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631&#8221; (Mosqu\u00e9e verte<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">)<\/span>\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn15\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn15\">15<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062f \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629\u2026 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1837 \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0633&#8221; \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn16\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn16\">16<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0642\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621 : \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 13\u0647\u0640\/(18-19\u0645).- \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1999.- 618 \u0635 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn17\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn17\">17<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 (\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629).- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 1983.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn18\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn18\">18<\/a>\u00a0&#8211; Berque, J. : Maghreb histoire et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.- Alger, SNED, Paris, Duculot, 1974.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn19\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn19\">19<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f:<br \/>\n&#8211; Raymond, A. : Caract\u00e9ristiques d\u2019une ville arabe \u00ab\u00a0moyenne\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: le cas de Constantine au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle.- Les Cahiers de Tunisie, Num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial, 1986, N\u00b0 137-138.- p.p.175-195<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"notesbaspage\" dir=\"rtl\"><span dir=\"rtl\"><a id=\"ftn20\" class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889?lang=ar#bodyftn20\">20<\/a>\u00a0\u0640\u0640 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1256\u0647\u0640. \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 &#8220;Artisan<span lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">&#8221; \u0631<\/span>\u0642\u0645 :322 \u0648657 \u0648725 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"quotation\" class=\"section\" style=\"text-align: right\">\n<h5 class=\"section\"><span class=\"text\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/span><\/h5>\n<h5>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a<\/h5>\n<h5><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0<span class=\"familyName\">\u0642\u0634\u064a<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0<span dir=\"rtl\">\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"fr\" xml:lang=\"fr\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0640\u0627<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u00bb<\/span>,\u00a0<em dir=\"ltr\">Insaniyat \/ \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/em>, 19-20\u00a0|\u00a02003, 7-18.<\/h5>\n<h5>\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h5>\n<h5><strong>\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0<span class=\"familyName\">\u0642\u0634\u064a<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0<span dir=\"rtl\">\u00ab\u00a0<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"fr\" xml:lang=\"fr\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0640\u0627<\/span><span dir=\"rtl\">\u00a0\u00bb<\/span>,\u00a0<em>Insaniyat \/ \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/em>\u00a0[\u200f\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u200e], 19-20\u00a0|\u00a02003, \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a 30 ao\u00fbt 2012, \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 12 juillet 2021. URL\u00a0: http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/5889\u00a0; DOI\u00a0: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/insaniyat.5889<\/h5>\n<h5>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"authors\" class=\"section\">\n<h5 class=\"section\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"text\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/h5>\n<h5 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\">\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0<span class=\"familyName\">\u0642\u0634\u064a<\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"description\" dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right\"><span dir=\"rtl\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b(PNR\/ANDRU) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":58,"featured_media":23210,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-44"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 - AAH.JZR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/ar\/\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645-\u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u0648-\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\/\" \/>\n<meta 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