{"id":58191,"date":"2022-07-27T14:54:30","date_gmt":"2022-07-27T13:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/?p=58191"},"modified":"2022-07-27T14:54:55","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T13:54:55","slug":"the-most-powerful-fleet-the-world-has-seen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/en\/the-most-powerful-fleet-the-world-has-seen\/","title":{"rendered":"The Most Powerful Fleet the World Has Seen"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A<\/span><\/span>lgeria, this huge country, the largest in Africa, has a secret few people know of, embedded in its history. But this mystery is about to be revealed. Even though this enormous nation consists mostly of desert(80%), Algeria is much more than what meets the eye.<\/p>\n

The Sahara is made up mostly of plateaus and sand dunes, and it is predominantly\u00a0found in the southern parts<\/a>. The northwest is composed of mountain elevations, meanwhile, the northeast also has massive mountains, plains and basins. It differs from the western parts in the sense that its basic topographic features are unlike the coastline. Its long ridges, steep cliffs and huge mountains create an almost impenetrable refuge that has played an utmost important role throughout the country\u2019s history, ever since Roman times.<\/p>\n

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Desert of Algeria, in the southern parts of the country. Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It is the northern mountainous regions that are responsible for rainfalls that in turn cause seasonal rivers rising in the mountains, bringing alluvial soil rich in minerals, thus extremely fertile, to the\u00a0\u201c<\/em><\/strong>Tell<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, the country\u2019s heartland; an area\u00a0made up of hills and fertile plains<\/a>\u00a0surrounding the narrow coastline.<\/p>\n

It is here that we find most of the Algerian forest reserves. In ancient times a dense forest grew on these plains, inundated with wild beasts and reptiles, a perfect site for\u00a0ship construction<\/strong>, because of the abundance of wood and proximity to the sea. Here is where the Algerian fleet was born!<\/p>\n

This great nation can be described as a mosaic, where every historical event represents a small piece in the gigantic mosaic picture, and it is first when the pieces are joined together that you understand the full picture.<\/p>\n

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Wonder wood of Algeria (2019). Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Algeria\u2019s History of Mosaic<\/h4>\n

Algeria has a colourful national history even though during the periods of the great Empires their influences dominated the history of the entire region, but during the times in between these great powers Algeria\u2019s own history got a chance to prosper.<\/p>\n

The Phoenicians<\/a>; an ancient civilization originating in the Levant region located in modern-day Lebanon, arrived on the North African coast around 900 BC, where they established\u00a0Carthage in present-day Tunisia,<\/a>\u00a0around 800 BC. During this\u00a0classical<\/em>\u00a0period, the Algerian tribes lived on agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. Trade links between them and Carthage were intense and strong, something that made Algeria prosper both economically and technologically. Carthage soon became a significant shipyard, the Algerians\u2019 close relationship with them resulted in mutual cooperation and eventually, Algeria also developed a refined naval construction base from which it would later launch a naval power.<\/p>\n

The similar geographical conditions and shared knowledge showed to be beneficial for both nations. The densely forested areas, identical in both countries, consisted principally of pine and cedar wood trees, something that proved to be extremely useful in naval construction. At that time\u00a0every single ship was specially constructed to sail in a specific sea or maritime location.<\/strong>\u00a0The sea in which the ship was supposed to sail decided the kind of wood, method and model that would be needed for its production.<\/p>\n

Ships sailing in the Mediterranean area or the so-called\u00a0Mediterranean ships<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0were generally built with\u00a0cedar wood<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0pine,<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0whilst\u00a0linen<\/em>\u00a0was used in making ropes. These ships were painted with tar or bitumen.<\/p>\n

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An example of one of the ships of the Algerian fleet. Andries van Eertvelt, An Algerine Ship off a Barbary Port. Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

With the fall of the Carthaginian Empire and the arrival of the Romans new methods and advancements were adopted and further improved upon. Even though the relationship between the Algerians and the Romans was described as\u00a0stormy<\/em>, they brought reform and new knowledge in ship construction as well as improvements in the urbanisation of the country.<\/p>\n

Later in the dawn of the Arabs and Islam in 670\u2013711 AD, during the\u00a0Umayyad dynasty<\/a>, a diverse and further reformed method of ship construction was developed, something that further improved and refined the already existing highly developed naval construction techniques.<\/p>\n

There is no doubt that this long chain of different influences from various countries and Empires and their different experiences, knowledge and techniques made up a solid base for ship construction. This basic knowledge was later improved, refined and perfected upon for an extended period of time, until a perfectly sophisticated and advanced Algerian ship making was developed, so refined that Algeria became the leading naval construction nation in the world.<\/p>\n

Mission Impossible<\/h4>\n

But it was not only the Algerians that possessed a large fleet, the\u00a0Caliphate of the Ottomans<\/a>\u00a0had an impressive and well-organised fleet as well.<\/p>\n

This Islamic naval force was of utmost importance to the entire Caliphate, yet, it was still to expand considerably both in size and knowledge-wise. The Caliphate asked for cooperation from the powerful Algerian fleet early on, for mutual benefit throughout much of the fleet\u2019s existence, an agreement was made, forming an alliance, companionship and mutual support.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, it was of uttermost importance to have experienced and well-educated admirals and leaders in charge of the fleet. Thankfully they existed in abundance. One of these great admirals was a man whose story we will learn about now.<\/p>\n

The story begins with that\u00a0Barbarossa\u00a0<\/strong>or\u00a0<\/strong>Admiral\u00a0<\/em>Arrouj<\/em><\/strong>, as was his real name; a European Muslim Navy Admiral whose roots go back to Albania was assumed to a meeting with Sultan Selim I, and the Great Navy Commander of the Ottoman fleet. This was due to messages of desperate appeals sent from people in al Andalus (Spain during Moorish rule) to save their friends and family from the dark basements of torture where they were held prisoners. The Sultan assigned Arrouj to a mission that today would be called\u00a0mission impossible<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0and gave him the strategic guidance for the mission.<\/p>\n

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Charles Etienne Pierre Motte, Arrouj Reis, who later became known as Barbarossa. Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To sum up the mission, Admiral Arrouj was to sail from the far east of the Mediterranean, in today\u2019s Turkey, to the far west in Andalusia (Spain), through all existing threats, then anchor safely in one of the Andalusian cities, now under Christian rule, and finally, destroy the naval Spanish protectorate through a surprise attack. The surprise attack was an important strategy in order to discover the location of the torture basements. Having discovered the secret locations, they had to free the prisoners, Mozarabs (Spanish converts), and Jews amongst others from the basements, after sunset.<\/p>\n

The reason for the specific timing was to avoid the prisoners getting blinded by the sunlight, as a result of being held captive for years in darkness. Finally, they had to sail by night, not to Turkey but to Algeria, taking an alternative route, in order to transport the prisoners in the fastest time possible and to simultaneously lure the navy of the enemy.\u00a0End of mission!<\/em><\/p>\n

The mission was more than impossible, however, the big surprise was that the Navy Commander carried out the mission with outstanding success! What is even more surprising is that his brother repeated the same mission numerous times, together they saved tens of thousands of original Spanish Muslim converts, Jews and even Protestant Christians (mostly English sailors taken hostages by piracy or in sea battles) from torture and death.<\/p>\n

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Ghosrof Barbarossa, also known as Khairiddine (or Hayreddin) Pasha. Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The reputation of the brothers Arrouj and Ghosrof spread throughout the seas of the world, and on the streets of Catholic Europe scattered stories started to spread of the heroism of an Ottoman sailor, who\u00a0sails like a horrific ghost that no one can stop.<\/em><\/p>\n

The liberated prisoners called him\u00a0Baba Arrouj<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0Baba Arrouts<\/strong>\u00a0(father Arrouts) out of their utmost respect and gratitude to him, who saved them from the horrors of the inquisition, this, in turn, led to the Italian’s distortion of his name to\u00a0Barbarossa<\/strong>, Italian for\u00a0red beard<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The great naval commander Arrouj defended the coasts of Algeria for a long time but was caught by the Spaniards, and brought to Spain where he was executed, and as this was not enough, they cut off his head and paraded it throughout the city.<\/p>\n

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Laureys a Castro, A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs. Image source: WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

His brother\u00a0Ghosrof<\/strong>, was nicknamed \u201cKhairiddine<\/strong>\u201d(meaning, the good of the religion) by the ever gratefully prisoners he saved from al Andalus. Khairiddine took his brother\u2019s place and continued to fight for what was right. He sailed to Tunisia where the Spaniards and Portuguese were trying to invade the country. He destroyed their ships and liberated Tunisia and Algeria.<\/p>\n

The Catholic world was now infuriated and gathered a coalition fleet, named\u00a0\u201cthe Holy League\u201d<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0consisting of many different nations*<\/strong>, altogether 600 ships and 60.000 soldiers, led by Europe\u2019s greatest naval commander at the time,\u00a0Andrea Doria<\/strong>, facing the joined Caliphate\u2019s and Algerian fleet under the commander Admiral Khairiddine Barbarossa and his 122 ships and 22.000 soldiers.<\/p>\n

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*The coalition fleet, the Holy League, consisted of; \r\nthe Papal state, Habsburg, Spain, Republic of Genoa, Republic of Venice, and the knights of Malta.<\/span><\/pre>\n<\/blockquote>\n
They met in the battle of\u00a0\u201c<\/em><\/strong>Preveza<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u201d<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0on the 28th of September 1538 AD; one of the greatest naval battles in history. Despite the fact that the coalition fleet outnumbered the Muslims in men, ammunition and ships, Khairiddine Barbarossa, commander of the Ottoman Caliphate, won the battle. It was a total victory, the European fleet was completely destroyed, and Andrea Doria ran away from the battle site, the battle that didn\u2019t last more than five hours.<\/p>\n
After this great victory, a state of fear and panic spread throughout the enemies\u2019 princedoms and the combined Algerian and Ottoman Islamic navy became the master of the Mediterranean Sea for three centuries to come, without rival.<\/p>\n
The Piri Re\u00eds Family<\/h4>\n
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Piri\u2019s Map of central and south America. Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
After the victory of Khairiddine Barbarossa, the Naval fleets of the gigantic Ottoman Empire became the greatest naval power on the seas and oceans. The two brothers Barbarossa were students and taught all the secrets of the sea by a man called\u00a0Kemal Piri Re\u00eds.<\/strong><\/p>\n
Al re\u00eds is Arabic for head, \r\nas in head of the ship or captain.<\/span><\/pre>\n
He was also a teacher to his own nephew:\u00a0Ahmed Mohedeen Piri<\/em><\/strong>, and gave him an excellent education. Kemal Piri Re\u00eds, joined the brothers Barbarossa on many of their journeys including the once to al Andalus to free the prisoners, he was well experienced and of great support for the brothers in their missions. Kemal Re\u00eds\u2019s nephew was more interested in drawing maps than anything else, he later became one of the best and most famous cartographers in the world. He always stayed close to his uncle and joined him on most of his missions.<\/p>\n
Together they all rescued the prisoners in al Andalus, stood by and assisted the Mamluks in Egypt in their struggle against Portuguese colonisation as well as many other missions and battles, as in 1499 during the battle of Zonkuyl where Kemal Re\u00eds used cannons aboard his ship for the very first time in history, surprising his enemies, and winning the battle. Eleven years later in 1510, a storm broke out at sea and the ship that carried Kemal Re\u00eds capsized and sank, resulting in the then 60 years old Captain Kemal losing his life, after a life of service to the caliphate\u2019s fleet and people in need.<\/p>\n
Nevertheless, after his uncle\u2019s death, Ahmed Mohedeen Piri Re\u00eds continued sailing with the ships at sea. He drew the first-ever map of the American continent. This map shows, and is the ultimate proof that the Americas were both discovered and mapped, long before Christofer Columbus discovered the so-called new world.<\/p>\n
However, Piri Re\u00eds was not the first one either to discover these lands, the Africans, Arabs and Andalusians had been travelling for quite a while to both south and North America by then. But Piri Re\u00eds maps are, unlike other historical accounts that can be denied, not only had solid proof that he was there before Columbus, but he had also drawn detailed maps of the entire continent.<\/p>\n
The maps were an accurate and very detailed picture of what he saw and experienced, he also wrote a book in which he explained his travels\u00a0*<\/strong>. He later drew a map of the Antarctic, also this one in detail.<\/p>\n
*Piri Reis book with detailed descriptions of what he saw: Kitabi Bahrisi (1521-1525).<\/span><\/pre>\n
In 1929 historians found a map on a piece of gazelle skin, and traced the map back to a 16th-century Turkish Admiral named:\u00a0Piri Re\u00eds<\/strong>. But contrary to other maps, from that time period, this one showed the exact coast of Antarctica as it exists today under the ice cover; an amazing accomplishment because it meant that it was drawn in a time when Antarctica was ice-free. The map also accurately shows the coast of Europe and Africa but as already said it is the coast of Antarctica that stands out, as this region remained undiscovered for at least 300 years.<\/p>\n
Moreover, when cartographers superimposed Piri Reis\u2019s map over a modern-day map they were astonished to discover that it was fantastically accurate in the most minute of details. It also included flora and fauna, everything where it belonged. It was not only the oldest map showing the two Americas, the South Pole, Europe, Africa and Asia, but it was so surprisingly accurate, that even the distances between the continents were remarkably precise.<\/p>\n
Summary<\/h4>\n
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Constantine, Algeria. Image source:\u00a0WikimediaCommons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
The longest-lived and most powerful fleet in the world is the 300 years old prominent Algerian maritime fleet. At the time the greatest powers in the world were represented by the Ottoman Caliphate followed by England and France, then the rising stars: Spain and Portugal, built on the ruins of al Andalus.<\/p>\n
It was the events preceding the expansion of the Algerian fleet that also became the reason for its absolute sovereignty, and these historical events took place in Spain. It all began with the inquisition, When the Muslims and Jews were exiled from al Andalus, they brought the news with them of the poor conditions inside the country and the horrific torture that went on inside the basements.<\/p>\n
The news spread as fire all over the Mediterranean, this, in turn, resulted in an urgent response for rescuing the prisoners, which brought the joint Ottoman Caliphate and the Algerian fleets to extremes. As an answer to these rescue missions, the pope gave his blessings to Spain and Portugal to establish a crusade, to Christianize North Africa, and more importantly, to move the battles within Spain into Muslim territories, from a defence in Spain to an offence in North Africa. The Spaniards and Pope Paul III, formed a coalition fleet together (the Holy League) with several other countries, as earlier mentioned.<\/p>\n
In the battle of Preveza the Algerian fleet completely defeated their opponents, this radical defeat was maybe the real turning point, it gave the Algerian fleet indisputable power, and total respect and put fear into their enemies for a long, long time to come. This is what made the fleet invincible and gave them total sovereignty in the world.<\/p>\n
Now they had to put order in the Mediterranean that had long been a breeding ground for European piracy. Random attacks on North African coasts and ships, and fierce, unpredictable pirate attacks in between the Europeans themselves and others as well, caused lawlessness in the whole region and threatened to destabilise the trade in the entire Mediterranean. The Algerian fleet stepped up and started to repel the European aggression, protecting trade and battling pirate operations.<\/p>\n
New arrangements were imposed, the Algerian fleet in agreement with the Ottoman Empire requested travelling ships in the area to pay a fee, a monetary payment to the Algerian fleet, in turn, the fleet would guarantee the ship’s safety and be fully responsible for its protection as long as it remained in Mediterranean territory. The Algerian fleet was responsible for all ships in the Mediterranean area (and other territories later on), anyone engaging in piracy was dealt with hard-handedly, and any ship that didn\u2019t pay their fee or disrespected the rules was not allowed to sail in the region.<\/p>\n
In the beginning incidents and confrontations occurred, but with time, everything changed, everyone started to follow the rules. The powerful Algerian fleet succeeded in obtaining cosmos from chaos and bringing safety and security to the region, their protection was rarely needed anymore; they had completely rooted out European piracy.<\/p>\n
But the most powerful naval fleet in history, in terms of length of time as well as power and control, their\u00a0300 years of golden rule<\/strong>\u00a0and glory saw its end with the\u00a0battle of Navarino in 1827.\u00a0<\/strong>After many great and honourable deeds, the fleet retired, but Algeria remains a country with a flourishing mosaic and deep, honourable history roots, a history worthy of being written in gold!<\/p>\n
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Algerian Landscape. Image source:\u00a0Pixabay<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Interesting Facts:<\/span><\/h4>\n
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  • Algeria was the first country in the world to officially recognise the French Revolution.<\/li>\n
  • Algeria helped France by lending them money and providing food during times of great famines. At the beginning of the 18th century, France had an enormous debt to Algeria. The French were ungrateful, and hungry for revenge due to the Algerians serving as a powerful naval base as well as helping the Caliphate in their naval struggles and lending their support to the Ottoman Empire. The French wanted revenge and added to that being unable to repay the Algerians, they went on to colonise the nation.<\/li>\n
  • The first country in the world to recognise the United States as independent was also Algeria.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
    Sources:<\/span><\/div>\n
    \n
      \n
    • Jihad Al-Turbani (2015). One hundred great people of Islam changed the course of history.<\/li>\n
    • Afetinan, A (1954). The oldest map of America, drawn by Piri Reis.<\/li>\n
    • Ben Kemal (1534). Tevarih-i Al-i Osman.<\/li>\n
    • Egyptian historian Mohammed Hamdy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      Source : https:\/\/historyofyesterday.com\/the-most-powerful-fleet-the-world-has-seen-46a84189cba5<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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