{"id":58333,"date":"2022-07-29T13:00:24","date_gmt":"2022-07-29T12:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/?p=58333"},"modified":"2022-07-28T23:32:23","modified_gmt":"2022-07-28T22:32:23","slug":"algeria-israel-and-the-last-european-settler-colony-in-the-arab-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/en\/algeria-israel-and-the-last-european-settler-colony-in-the-arab-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Algeria, Israel and the last European settler colony in the Arab world"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

ast week,\u00a0Algeria<\/a>\u00a0celebrated 60 years of independence from more than a century of French settler colonialism.\u00a0France<\/a>\u2019s genocidal war against the Algerian people cost, according to\u00a0Algerian estimates<\/a>, upwards of 1.5 million dead and wounded.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0French<\/a>\u00a0depicted their conquest of Algeria as a \u201creturn\u201d to the\u00a0Roman Empire<\/a>\u00a0and a recovery of Roman lands. By 1962, Algeria had more than one million French colonists – one ninth of Algeria\u2019s population.<\/p>\n

Of the five European settler colonies established in Arab countries, only Algeria and Palestine remained colonised in the early 1960s<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Charles De Gaulle expressed\u00a0concern<\/a>\u00a0privately that if Algerian independence was not granted, France would be unable to \u201cabsorb 10 million Muslims who would soon become 20 million and then 40 million.\u201d He feared France would cease to be what it is, \u201ca European people of the white race, Greek and Latin culture, and the Christian religion,\u201d and that churches would be replaced by mosques.<\/p>\n

He had already warned a\u00a0Gaullist deputy<\/a>: \u201cDo you see yourself marrying our daughters with Arabs?\u201d<\/p>\n

Independence would bring equality between the colonists and indigenous Algerians, but the colonial settlers would have none of it. Horrified by the prospect of\u00a0equality<\/a>\u00a0and the loss of colonial and racial privileges, they opted to return to France where their white privilege would be preserved.<\/p>\n

Of the five European settler colonies established in Arab countries since the 19th century, including Tunisia, Libya, and Morocco, only Algeria and Palestine remained colonised in the early 1960s.<\/p>\n

One settler colony down<\/h3>\n

When Algeria was liberated in 1962, the Arab public mood was jubilant: one more European settler colony down, one to go! Italy\u2019s settler colony of Libya was the first to fall during World War II.<\/p>\n

In 1911, the Italians had invaded the Ottoman territories of \u201cTarablus al-Gharb\u201d (rendered by the Italians \u201cTripolitania\u201d), Barqa (renamed \u201cCyrenaica\u201d), and Fezzan, and began to call the territory, following the geographer Federico\u00a0Minutilli<\/a>, by the ancient Greco-Roman name: \u201cLibia.\u201d Italy immediately\u00a0annexed<\/a>\u00a0\u201cLibya\u201d and began introducing colonists.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n
Why Algeria’s independence was a miracle<\/div>\n

Read More \u00bb<\/a><\/div>\n

Like the French, the\u00a0Italians<\/a>\u00a0depicted their colonisation as a \u201creturn\u201d to the ancient lands of the Roman Empire. Libya was identified as Italy\u2019s\u00a0\u201cFourth shore\u201d<\/a>.\u00a0Colonisation accelerated under\u00a0fascist<\/a>\u00a0rule and, by 1940, the\u00a0number<\/a>\u00a0of colonists exceeded 110,000 – 12 percent of the population.<\/p>\n

By the time the Allies defeated the Italians, they had already brought about the wholesale destruction of cities and towns, not to mention\u00a0famines<\/a>\u00a0and the spread of disease, which along with their mass murder of the resisting Libyans, obliterated up to\u00a0two-thirds<\/a>\u00a0of Libya\u2019s population.<\/p>\n

About 50,000 Italian colonists\u00a0remained<\/a>\u00a0at the end of the war. Libya became officially independent in 1951. The colonists\u2019 new\u00a0legal status<\/a>\u00a0required them to choose Italian or Libyan citizenship by 1960. Adamantly rejecting equality and loss of racial and colonial privileges, the majority\u00a0left<\/a>. Those who remained repatriated to Italy by 1970.<\/p>\n

As for Tunisia, it obtained its independence in 1956, five years after Libya, following a combination of anti-colonial guerrilla war and negotiations. Tunisia was occupied by France in 1881, and tens of thousands of colonists descended on the country.<\/p>\n

By 1956, there were 180,450 French colonists and 66,909 Italian\u00a0colonists<\/a>. At least half the colonists were by then born in Tunisia. But by 1957, half the French colonists had left. Once more refusing to accept equality with the native Tunisians, the colonists began to depart quickly. By\u00a01970<\/a>, there were no more than 18,000 French and 7000 Italian colonists, most of whom would leave over the next few years.<\/p>\n

Morocco, which the French invaded and occupied in 1907, gained independence in March 1956, the same month as Tunisia, after a long anti-colonial struggle.<\/p>\n

In 1952, Morocco had\u00a0539,000 Europeans<\/a>. The\u00a0colonists<\/a>\u00a0began to lose their privileges in the\u00a0next decade<\/a>. Rejecting equality, most returned to France where their racial privileges were safeguarded.<\/p>\n

A close alliance<\/h3>\n

As the last two European settler-colonial powers in the Arab world, France and Israel formed a close alliance to coordinate the preservation of their settler colonies.<\/p>\n

Like France and Italy, the European Jewish Zionists claimed to be descendants of the ancient Palestinian Hebrews and to be merely \u201creturning\u201d to their ancient land. Israel, which established a Jewish majority by expelling the majority of the Palestinian people in 1948,\u00a0voted<\/a>\u00a0against the 1952 UN resolution recognising Tunisian and Moroccan self-determination.<\/p>\n

France\u2019s military alliance with Israel and its hostility to Egyptian President\u00a0Gamal Abdel Nasser<\/a>\u00a0increased, especially as the Egyptian leader became identified as the\u00a0force<\/a>\u00a0behind the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN).<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\"Nasser<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser visiting Algeria on 3 May 1963 and Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella wave to the crowd from the deck of the Ra\u00efs yacht (AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This was coupled with the French ruling Socialists\u2019 anti-Sovietism, as Nasser had become close to the USSR in 1955 after being rebuffed by the\u00a0Eisenhower administration<\/a>, which conditioned its good relations on Nasser\u2019s normalisation with Israel.<\/p>\n

Socialist pan-Arab nationalism<\/a>\u00a0was castigated by the French as reactionary and seeking to re-establish \u201cIslamic\u201d glories. By contrast, the pan-Jewishism of European Zionism, which sought to recreate the \u201cJudaic\u201d glories of the Palestinian Hebrews, who were appropriated as the ancestors of European converts to Judaism, was depicted as progressive and socialist.<\/p>\n

For example, the Ashkenazi-Jewish settler-colonial institution of the\u00a0kibbutz<\/a>\u00a0was seen not as an example of master-race socialism, but as a progressive alternative to Stalinism. By then, France was providing Israel with modern\u00a0Myst\u00e8re IV<\/a>\u00a0fighter jets, which it used against Egypt in 1956.<\/p>\n

The France-Israel alliance<\/h3>\n

Despite ongoing secret negotiations between the French and the FLN leaders based in Cairo, the French military carried out on 22 October 1956 the second ever act of\u00a0air piracy<\/a>\u00a0in history.<\/p>\n

They intercepted over Algeria an aircraft carrying FLN political leaders from Morocco to Tunis, including Ben Bella, for one such secret meeting. The five captured FLN leaders were not released until 1962.<\/p>\n

The French adopted plane hijackings from their allies, as the first act of air piracy was Israel\u2019s seizing of a\u00a0Syrian Airways<\/a>\u00a0civilian airliner in December 1954. The Israeli hijackers forced the plane to Lydda airport and held its passengers hostage, demanding the release of five Israeli prisoners of war in Syria – a practice at which the Israelis\u00a0continued<\/a>\u00a0to excel for\u00a0decades<\/a>\u00a0to come.<\/p>\n

French generals explained that their alliance with Israel was part of the fight against the Algerians, and against Nasser<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Against this background, France launched its invasion of Egypt with the British and the Israelis in 1956, an adventure that ended in their defeat and only increased Nasser\u2019s popularity.<\/p>\n

Frantz Fanon<\/a>, who had joined the FLN, explained France\u2019s motivations: \u201cThe Suez expedition was meant to strike the Algerian Revolution at the summit. Egypt, accused of directing the struggle of the Algerian people, was criminally bombarded.\u201d<\/p>\n

France\u2019s early alliance with Israel intensified in 1952 when its embassy opened in Tel Aviv. That the two countries remained the only European settler colonies on Arab lands was paramount in their calculations.<\/p>\n

French generals explained that their alliance with Israel was part of the fight against the Algerians, and against Nasser. Much of the intelligence France received on Egyptian arms shipments to the FLN\u00a0came from Israel<\/a>, which enabled France in October 1956 to seize the Sudanese-flagged ship\u00a0Athos<\/a>, carrying arms for the FLN, in international waters off the coast of Morocco. The alliance was so strong that Israel even participated in joint military manoeuvres with France on Algerian territory.<\/p>\n

After his 13-month stint as France\u2019s governor general in Algeria,\u00a0Jacques Soustelle<\/a>\u00a0helped create and lead the pro-Israel lobbying group\u00a0Alliance France-Israel<\/a>\u00a0in November 1956. This followed the tripartite invasion of Egypt.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the\u00a0grand rabbi of France<\/a>\u00a0lobbied the New York Times on behalf of the French against Algerian independence and obtained \u201ca promise from a senior New York Times editor to continue faithfully supporting the French line during UN debates.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 1958,\u00a0Soustelle<\/a>\u00a0enjoined not only Israel but world Jewish communities to support French colonial apartheid in Algeria: \u201cWe believe that, given the influence which not only Israel but above all the Jewish communities throughout the world exert on international opinion, this alliance would produce happy results for us.\u201d\u00a0Soustelle<\/a>\u00a0joined the terrorist settler Secret Armed Organisation (OAS) in 1960 to fight against Algerian independence.<\/p>\n

Adopting Israeli tactics<\/h3>\n

The alliance not only provided arms and military training to the Israelis, it allowed the French themselves to learn Israeli tactics, including the Israeli practice of\u00a0\u201cconvoy bombing,<\/a>\u201d which the French used in Algeria.<\/p>\n

French officers were dispatched to Israel to learn psychological warfare techniques. General\u00a0Maurice Challe<\/a>, commander-in-chief of the French forces in Algeria (1958-1960), insisted that the Israelis were \u201cconsummate artists\u201d at dealing with the Palestinians.<\/p>\n

Challe hoped to use the racist\u00a0kibbutz<\/a>\u00a0as a model for his pacification programme in Algeria, but independence prevented his plan from being realised. Israeli study missions went to Algeria to learn how the French used\u00a0helicopters<\/a>\u00a0to fight the Algerian guerrillas.<\/p>\n

Challe, like other generals who were friends of Israel, participated in the failed settlers\u2019 coup of April 1961 against the French government and was tried by a military tribunal. Testimonies from at least one participant in the failed coup stated that the coup leaders\u00a0expected<\/a>\u00a0support from \u201cPortugal, South Africa, South America [sic], and perhaps Israel\u201d.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\"Algerian<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>
Thousands of Algerians armed with sticks descend on the European quarters of Algiers on 11 December 1960 (AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

The OAS abandoned its traditional antisemitism to establish an anti-Muslim popular front. The OAS members argued that granting Algeria independence was part of an\u00a0international conspiracy<\/a>\u00a0to \u201cstrangle the state of Israel\u201d, and smacked of antisemitism. Not to be outdone, the prime minister of Israel,\u00a0David Ben-Gurion<\/a>, advised the French in 1958 that Algerian Arabs \u201cno matter how assimilated\u201d were not to be trusted.<\/p>\n

A number of Algerian Jews, contra Israel, contributed financially to their country\u2019s liberation struggle and joined its ranks<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Unhappy with its isolation as the last European settler colony in the Arab world, the Israelis provided logistical support to the French colonists, including support for Soustelle, who had Ben-Gurion\u2019s backing and was financed by wealthy right-wing pro-Israeli\u00a0American Jews<\/a>\u00a0who opposed De Gaulle and Algerian independence.<\/p>\n

A number of Algerian Jews, contra Israel, contributed financially to their country\u2019s liberation struggle and joined its ranks, including doctors and lawyers.<\/p>\n

Anti-colonial Algerian Jews<\/a>\u00a0welcomed the FLN\u2019s official statements in 1956 addressed to the Jewish community leaders declaring their belonging to the Algerian nation. Small groups of Algerian Jews affirmed in response that they were one with their Muslim compatriots and that they wholeheartedly supported liberation.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\"Algerian<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>
Algerian fans wave the Palestinian flag with a message that reads “The trophy is a gift from the Algerian people to our family in Palestine” during the FIFA Arab Cup final on 18 December 2021 (AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Other groups, however, formed Algerian\u00a0Jewish commandos<\/a>\u00a0and organised themselves in Oran against Algerian Muslims. They sought partition of the colony along \u201cracial\u201d lines.<\/p>\n

They were said to be inspired in their quest by Israeli government policy. Israel conscripted at least one Algerian Jew, who had joined the OAS, into Israel\u2019s spy network, namely one of the OAS leaders,\u00a0Jean Ghenassia<\/a>, who had contacts with Israeli agents, for which he was later prosecuted by the French.<\/p>\n

Encircling Algeria<\/h3>\n

After independence, Algeria became the biggest supporter of global resistance to settler colonialism, in Palestine and across Africa \u2013 Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Namibia, and Rhodesia.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0meeting<\/a>\u00a0organised by the Algerian leadership during last week\u2019s celebrations between the leader of Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh, and PA President Mahmoud Abbas, who collaborates with Israel, though misguided, was motivated by Algeria\u2019s continued support for the Palestinian struggle.<\/p>\n

In the last few years,\u00a0Israel\u2019s normalising relations<\/a>\u00a0with Morocco and Sudan, and its work behind the scenes to normalise relations with Tunisia and some of Libya\u2019s regional leaders, are part of its strategy of encircling Algeria, which adamantly\u00a0refuses<\/a>\u00a0to abandon the Palestinian struggle and normalise with Israel.<\/p>\n

The terror the Israelis felt after the Algerian people\u2019s victory was such that Israel\u2019s foremost general\u00a0Ariel Sharon<\/a>\u00a0kept a copy of Alistair Horne\u2019s classic account of the Algerian struggle,\u00a0A Savage War of Peace<\/em>, on his nightstand.<\/p>\n

On this 60th anniversary of Algeria\u2019s liberation, perhaps Israel\u2019s other leaders should acquire better historical lessons.<\/p>\n

The views expressed in this article belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Middle East Eye.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
<\/div>\n
Joseph Massad is professor of modern Arab politics and intellectual history at Columbia University, New York. He is the author of many books and academic and journalistic articles. His books include Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan; Desiring Arabs; The Persistence of the Palestinian Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians, and most recently Islam in Liberalism. His books and articles have been translated into a dozen languages.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Source :\u00a0 https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/opinion\/france-algeria-israel-settler-colonies-arab-world<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On the 60th anniversary of Algeria’s independence, people’s victory against colonial oppression serves as an important historical lesson for Israel<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":58334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,14,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-58333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-algeria","category-historyheritage","category-politics"],"yoast_head":"\nAlgeria, Israel and the last European settler colony in the Arab world - AAH.JZR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/en\/algeria-israel-and-the-last-european-settler-colony-in-the-arab-world\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Algeria, Israel and the last European settler colony in the Arab world - 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