{"id":113661,"date":"2025-02-01T09:50:25","date_gmt":"2025-02-01T08:50:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/?p=113661"},"modified":"2025-02-01T10:15:53","modified_gmt":"2025-02-01T09:15:53","slug":"une-analyse-statistique-le-colonialisme-a-coute-a-lalgerie-entre-8-et-15-millions-de-vies-1830-1962","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/fr\/une-analyse-statistique-le-colonialisme-a-coute-a-lalgerie-entre-8-et-15-millions-de-vies-1830-1962\/","title":{"rendered":"Une analyse statistique : le colonialisme a co\u00fbt\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie entre 8 et 15 millions de vies (1830\u20131962)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"113661\" class=\"elementor elementor-113661\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-10 elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-77b8cb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"77b8cb3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ercol-100 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2091eec1\" data-id=\"2091eec1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fc25b6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5fc25b6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p><p>De 1830 \u00e0 1962, l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie a subi l&#8217;une des occupations coloniales les plus brutales et transformatrices de l&#8217;histoire moderne sous domination fran\u00e7aise. Alors que la population mondiale explosait durant cette p\u00e9riode gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&#8217;industrialisation, aux progr\u00e8s m\u00e9dicaux et \u00e0 l&#8217;innovation agricole, la trajectoire d\u00e9mographique de l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie a diverg\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re frappante. Cet article analyse les donn\u00e9es d\u00e9mographiques alg\u00e9riennes de 1830 \u00e0 1962, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant comment la violence coloniale syst\u00e9mique, l&#8217;exploitation \u00e9conomique et les perturbations sociales ont frein\u00e9 la croissance bien en de\u00e7\u00e0 des normes mondiales et r\u00e9gionales.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence pr\u00e9coloniale (avant 1830)<\/strong><br \/>Avant l&#8217;invasion fran\u00e7aise de 1830, la population alg\u00e9rienne est estim\u00e9e entre 3 et 4 millions, selon les archives ottomanes et les r\u00e9cits de voyageurs europ\u00e9ens (Kateb, 2001). La r\u00e9gion faisait partie de l&#8217;Empire ottoman, avec une \u00e9conomie majoritairement agraire et des structures sociales tribales.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>P\u00e9riode coloniale (1830\u20131962) : phases de croissance r\u00e9prim\u00e9e<\/strong><br \/>L&#8217;occupation fran\u00e7aise de 132 ans en Alg\u00e9rie peut \u00eatre divis\u00e9e en phases marqu\u00e9es par la conqu\u00eate, la colonisation et la r\u00e9pression. La croissance d\u00e9mographique a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9touff\u00e9e par des politiques d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9es et une n\u00e9gligence syst\u00e9mique.<\/p><p><strong>1. Conqu\u00eate et mortalit\u00e9 de masse (1830\u20131870)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>Campagnes militaires fran\u00e7aises<\/em>\u00a0: La conqu\u00eate initiale (1830\u20131847) et les op\u00e9rations contre la r\u00e9sistance (ex. r\u00e9bellion de l&#8217;\u00c9mir Abdelkader) ont caus\u00e9 entre 500 000 et 1 million de morts alg\u00e9riens par guerres, massacres et tactiques de la terre br\u00fbl\u00e9e (Horne, 1977).<\/li><li><em>D\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s<\/em>\u00a0: Les tribus ont \u00e9t\u00e9 rel\u00e9gu\u00e9es dans des zones arides, perturbant la production alimentaire.<\/li><li><em>Famine de 1866\u20131868<\/em>\u00a0: Les politiques de confiscation des terres et de taxation ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9 une famine catastrophique, tuant 500 000 \u00e0 800 000 Alg\u00e9riens (15\u201320 % de la population) (Ageron, 1991).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2. Colonialisme de peuplement et exploitation \u00e9conomique (1870\u20131945)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>Accaparement des terres<\/em>\u00a0: En 1900, les colons fran\u00e7ais contr\u00f4laient 40 % des terres arables, d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant les paysans (Kateb, 2001).<\/li><li><em>Apartheid sanitaire<\/em>\u00a0: Les Europ\u00e9ens b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaient de soins modernes, tandis que les Alg\u00e9riens subissaient des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies (chol\u00e9ra, typhus) et un taux de mortalit\u00e9 infantile de 30\u201340 % (Clio-Infra, s.d.).<\/li><li><em>Exploitation du travail<\/em>\u00a0: Le travail forc\u00e9 dans les mines, fermes et infrastructures a r\u00e9duit les naissances et accru la mortalit\u00e9 (Fanon, 1961).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>3. Guerres mondiales et crise coloniale finale (1945\u20131962)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>Seconde Guerre mondiale<\/em>\u00a0: Plus de 200 000 Alg\u00e9riens furent enr\u00f4l\u00e9s de force ; famines et ch\u00f4mage post-guerre aggrav\u00e8rent les conditions (Annuaire d\u00e9mographique de l&#8217;ONU).<\/li><li><em>Guerre d&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance (1954\u20131962)<\/em>\u00a0: Les tactiques contre-insurrectionnelles fran\u00e7aises (internements massifs, tortures, destruction de villages) tu\u00e8rent entre 300 000 et 1 million d&#8217;Alg\u00e9riens et d\u00e9plac\u00e8rent 2 millions de personnes (Horne, 1977).<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Donn\u00e9es d\u00e9mographiques et taux de croissance<\/strong><\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Ann\u00e9e<\/th><th><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Population<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">estim\u00e9e<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">(millions)<\/p><\/th><th>Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1830<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">3,5<\/td><td>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence pr\u00e9coloniale (Kateb, 2001).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1866<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">2,9<\/td><td>Effondrement post-famine (Ageron, 1991).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1900<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">4,5<\/td><td>Lente reprise sous l&#8217;\u00e9conomie coloniale (Clio-Infra, s.d.).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1954<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">8,7<\/td><td>Recensement pr\u00e9-guerre (BnF Gallica).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1962<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">10,1<\/td><td>Estimation post-ind\u00e9pendance (ONU).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Analyse des taux de croissance annuels<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>1830\u20131962<\/em>\u00a0: ~0,8 % annuel (croissance totale : ~x3).<\/li><li><em>Moyenne mondiale (XIX\u1d49\u2013XX\u1d49)<\/em>\u00a0: ~1,0\u20131,2 % annuel (Clio-Infra, s.d.).<\/li><li><em>Comparaisons r\u00e9gionales<\/em>\u00a0:<ul><li>\u00c9gypte : 1,3 % annuel (1830 : 4 millions \u2192 1960 : 26 millions) (McCarthy, 1990).<\/li><li>Maroc : 1,1 % annuel (1830 : 3 millions \u2192 1960 : 12 millions) (Weeks, 2015).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>L&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie accusait un retard de 20\u201350 % par rapport \u00e0 ses voisins, attribuable aux politiques coloniales.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Co\u00fbt d\u00e9mographique du colonialisme<\/strong><\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-113652 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-300x196.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-1024x669.png 1024w, https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-768x502.png 768w, https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-1536x1003.png 1536w, https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-1170x764.png 1170w, https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2-585x382.png 585w, https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-2.png 1686w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><br \/>Si l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie avait suivi le taux \u00e9gyptien (1,3 %), sa population en 1962 aurait atteint ~25 millions. Avec le taux marocain (1,1 %), elle aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 de ~18 millions (McCarthy, 1990). Cela sugg\u00e8re que le colonialisme a co\u00fbt\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie entre 8 et 15 millions de vies en potentiel d\u00e9mographique non r\u00e9alis\u00e9.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Facteurs cl\u00e9s de la suppression d\u00e9mographique<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><em>Confiscation des terres et famine<\/em>\u00a0: Les colons ont r\u00e9duit les Alg\u00e9riens au statut de m\u00e9tayers ou de sans-terre, provoquant malnutrition chronique (Kateb, 2001).<\/li><li><em>Agriculture d&#8217;exportation<\/em>\u00a0: Les cultures de subsistance furent remplac\u00e9es par la vigne et les agrumes, aggravant l&#8217;ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire (Ageron, 1991).<\/li><li><em>Disparit\u00e9s sanitaires<\/em>\u00a0: Les h\u00f4pitaux servaient quasi-exclusivement les Europ\u00e9ens ; la mortalit\u00e9 alg\u00e9rienne resta 2\u20133x plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e (Fanon, 1961).<\/li><li><em>Perturbations socioculturelles<\/em>\u00a0: Les structures tribales furent d\u00e9mantel\u00e9es, et 90 % des Alg\u00e9riens priv\u00e9s d&#8217;\u00e9ducation (Horne, 1977 ; Kateb, 2001).<\/li><li><em>Guerre et r\u00e9pression<\/em>\u00a0: La guerre d&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance a r\u00e9duit la croissance de 1 \u00e0 2 millions de vies potentielles (Horne, 1977).<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Redressement post-ind\u00e9pendance (1962\u2013aujourd&#8217;hui)<\/strong><br \/>Apr\u00e8s 1962, la population alg\u00e9rienne a bondi :<\/p><ul><li><em>1962\u20132023<\/em>\u00a0: De 10,1 \u00e0 45 millions (x4,5), gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une baisse de la mortalit\u00e9 infantile (de 40 % \u00e0 &lt;2 %) et \u00e0 l&#8217;urbanisation (ONU).<\/li><\/ul><p>Cette croissance souligne l&#8217;impact artificiel des politiques coloniales sur la d\u00e9mographie alg\u00e9rienne.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Conclusion : le colonialisme comme sabotage d\u00e9mographique<\/strong><br \/>La croissance d\u00e9mographique de l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie entre 1830 et 1962 ne fut pas simplement \u00ab lente \u00bb, mais activement r\u00e9prim\u00e9e par des politiques fran\u00e7aises visant \u00e0 affaiblir la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 alg\u00e9rienne. Les donn\u00e9es r\u00e9v\u00e8lent :<\/p><ul><li>Un si\u00e8cle de croissance perdue \u00e0 cause de violences et d&#8217;exploitation.<\/li><li>Un redressement post-1962 illustrant le co\u00fbt humain durable du colonialisme.<\/li><\/ul><p>Cette \u00e9tude rappelle que les statistiques d\u00e9mographiques ne sont pas neutres : elles refl\u00e8tent des rapports de force, des violences et des r\u00e9sistances. Les chiffres alg\u00e9riens racontent une histoire de survie face \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me con\u00e7u pour l&#8217;effacer.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences et lectures compl\u00e9mentaires<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Kateb, Kamel (2001).\u00a0<em>\u00c9cole, population et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en Alg\u00e9rie<\/em>. Vous pouvez consulter une pr\u00e9sentation de cet ouvrage sur OpenEdition Journals :\u00a0<div class=\"relative inline-flex items-center\"><a class=\"ml-1 inline-flex h-[22px] items-center rounded-xl bg-[#f4f4f4] px-2 text-[0.5em] font-medium text-token-text-secondary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary relative top-[-0.094rem] !text-token-text-secondary uppercase hover:bg-token-text-primary hover:!text-token-main-surface-secondary dark:hover:bg-token-text-primary group\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/insaniyat\/2052?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"truncate\">journals.openedition.org<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li>Clio-Infra (s.d.).\u00a0<em>Donn\u00e9es d\u00e9mographiques historiques mondiales<\/em>. Clio-Infra propose une base de donn\u00e9es sur les indicateurs sociaux, \u00e9conomiques et institutionnels mondiaux des cinq derniers si\u00e8cles :<div class=\"relative inline-flex items-center\"><a class=\"ml-1 inline-flex h-[22px] items-center rounded-xl bg-[#f4f4f4] px-2 text-[0.5em] font-medium text-token-text-secondary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary relative top-[-0.094rem] !text-token-text-secondary uppercase hover:bg-token-text-primary hover:!text-token-main-surface-secondary dark:hover:bg-token-text-primary group\" href=\"https:\/\/clio-infra.eu\/Countries\/Algeria.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"truncate\">clio-infra.eu<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li>Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991).\u00a0<em>L&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie moderne : de 1830 \u00e0 nos jours<\/em>. Ouvrage disponible dans de nombreuses biblioth\u00e8ques et librairies en ligne.<\/li><li>Horne, Alistair (1977).\u00a0<em>Histoire de la guerre d&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie<\/em>\u00a0(trad.\u00a0<em>A Savage War of Peace<\/em>). Cet ouvrage est \u00e9galement disponible dans diverses biblioth\u00e8ques et librairies en ligne.<\/li><li>Fanon, Frantz (1961).\u00a0<em>Les Damn\u00e9s de la Terre<\/em>. Archive.org (emprunt gratuit). Vous pouvez emprunter gratuitement cet ouvrage sur Archive.org<\/li><li>Archives coloniales : BnF Gallica (<em>Recensement Alg\u00e9rie<\/em>). La Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France propose des archives coloniales, y compris des recensements de l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie, sur Gallica.<\/li><li>Donn\u00e9es ONU :\u00a0<em>Portail de donn\u00e9es des Nations Unies<\/em>. Le portail de donn\u00e9es des Nations Unies offre un acc\u00e8s \u00e0 diverses statistiques mondiales<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Notes sur l&#8217;acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Les archives coloniales fran\u00e7aises sont num\u00e9ris\u00e9es mais n\u00e9cessitent la ma\u00eetrise du fran\u00e7ais.<\/li><li>Les travaux de Fanon sont accessibles gratuitement sur Archive.org.<\/li><li>Clio-Infra et l&#8217;ONU proposent des outils d\u00e9mographiques en libre acc\u00e8s.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><em>Hope &amp; ChaDia<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction De 1830 \u00e0 1962, l&#8217;Alg\u00e9rie a subi l&#8217;une des occupations coloniales les plus brutales et transformatrices de l&#8217;histoire moderne sous domination&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":113649,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,39,42,49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-113661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-algerie","category-articles-en-vedette","category-histoire-et-patrimoine","category-politique"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - 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