{"id":71337,"date":"2023-03-02T09:33:52","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T08:33:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/?p=71337"},"modified":"2023-03-02T09:33:52","modified_gmt":"2023-03-02T08:33:52","slug":"le-tatouage-traditionnel-en-algerie-mythes-et-realite-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/fr\/le-tatouage-traditionnel-en-algerie-mythes-et-realite-2\/","title":{"rendered":"LE TATOUAGE TRADITIONNEL EN ALG\u00c9RIE: MYTHES ET R\u00c9ALIT\u00c9"},"content":{"rendered":"
Le tatouage traditionnel en Alg\u00e9rie est\u00a0une pratique pr\u00e9-islamique en voie de disparition\u00a0que l\u2019on retrouve en particulier chez les femmes\u00a0issues des\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9rations pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du pays.\u00a0<\/em><\/div>\n
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Le tatouage est un dessin esth\u00e9tique et\u00a0symbolique r\u00e9alis\u00e9 sur la peau en d\u00e9posant de\u00a0l\u2019encre entre le derme et l\u2019\u00e9piderme. On rencontre\u00a0cette tradition de l\u2019Afrique du Nord \u00e0 l\u2019Oc\u00e9anie en passant par le\u00a0Moyen Orient.\u00a0Le terme provient du tahitien\u00a0tatau<\/em>\u00a0signifiant\u00a0dessiner<\/em>\u00a0ou\u00a0marquer la peau.\u00a0<\/em>En Alg\u00e9rie, sa pratique traditionnelle est appel\u00e9e\u00a0lewcham<\/em>\u00a0ou\u00a0el-\u00e2yacha<\/em>\u00a0signifiant\u00a0celui qui\u00a0fait vivre<\/em>, en raison de la fonction th\u00e9rapeutique ou protectrice qui lui est conf\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Le tatouage traditionnel en Alg\u00e9rie est une pratique pr\u00e9-islamique en voie de disparition\u00a0que l\u2019on retrouve en particulier chez les femmes\u00a0issues des\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9rations pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du pays.<\/p>\n

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Photo : Yasmin Bendaas, pour le Centre Pulitzer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Bien que de nombreux travaux documentent\u00a0la pratique sous sa forme\u00a0japonaise, n\u00e9o-z\u00e9landaise (Maoris) voire m\u00eame marocaine et tunisienne, le tatouage traditionnel en Alg\u00e9rie n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019objet que d\u2019un nombre limit\u00e9 de recherches. Cette absence a men\u00e9 au d\u00e9veloppement de nombreux mythes sur son origine.\u00a0Certains limitent les tatouages \u00e0 la simple expression d\u2019une appartenance tribale, d\u2019autres encore rattachent l\u2019origine de la pratique \u00e0 la volont\u00e9 des femmes de s\u2019enlaidir\u00a0dans le but de se prot\u00e9ger des soldats fran\u00e7ais\u00a0durant la colonisation.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Selon l\u2019anthropologue\u00a0Yasmin Bendaas<\/a>, ce dernier mythe n\u2019est pas d\u00e9nu\u00e9 de fondement puisque durant la colonisation certaines femmes ont effectivement adopt\u00e9 des tatouages \u00e0 des fins politiques. Ces derniers auraient \u00e9t\u00e9 empreints de\u00a0symboles locaux de r\u00e9sistance et de protection, \u00e0 l\u2019instar du\u00a0burnous<\/em>\u00a0et du\u00a0rikab\u00a0<\/em>utilis\u00e9 par les cavaleries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Photo : Bruno Hadjih – Portrait de femme Chaoui<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Photo : Bruno Hadjih – Portrait de femme Chaoui<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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La chercheuse, qui s\u2019est int\u00e9ress\u00e9e\u00a0aux tatouages traditionnels des\u00a0femmes chaoui<\/a>\u00a0de la r\u00e9gion de l\u2019Aur\u00e8s, souligne que le manque de connaissance sur la signification des tatouages traditionnels indique que la tradition \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 en voie de disparition bien avant que les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations actuelles ne se fassent tatouer durant les ann\u00e9es 1930 et 1940.\u00a0De plus, les symboles \u00e9taient souvent choisis par le(la) tatoueur(euse) plut\u00f4t que par la personne tatou\u00e9e, rendant la recherche de sa signification et de son origine d\u2019autant plus difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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En effet, de nombreuses femmes de la r\u00e9gion se sont fait tatouer par celles que l\u2019on nomme \u00ab\u00a0adasiyat\u00a0\u00bb, des femmes appartenant \u00e0 des\u00a0populations nomades originaires du Sahara alg\u00e9rien, de l\u2019Oranie ou de la Tunisie. Pour\u00a0Yasmin Bendaas, les\u00a0adasiyat<\/em>\u00a0\u00e9changeaient\u00a0leurs services de tatouage contre des denr\u00e9es ou produits divers. La\u00a0pratique du tatouage traditionnel aurait disparu avec\u00a0la fin de cette forme de commerce, en conjonction avec l\u2019alphab\u00e9tisation et la diffusion de pratiques religieuses interdisant\u00a0les\u00a0modifications corporelles.<\/div>\n
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Dans la description des nomades, les interview\u00e9s notent que la adasiya parlait arabe, ce qui expliquerait pourquoi les noms des tatouages sont en arabe et non en chaoui. Le mari de Masouda se souvient que la adasiya \u00e9tait une femme qui voyageait par cheval avec ses cheveux tress\u00e9s\u00a0\u00a0de chaque cot\u00e9. Elle toquait de porte en porte et acceptait souvent de la farine, des oeufs et des chaussures \u00e0 la place de l\u2019argent pour ses services.<\/p>\n

Yasmin Bendaas<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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Photo: Femme des Ouled Na\u00efl – 1905 – Lehnert Landrock<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Photo: Femme alg\u00e9rienne – 1960 – Marc Garanger<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Le tatouage a de multiples fonctions. Il\u00a0est tout d\u2019abord esth\u00e9tique dans un contexte o\u00f9 les tatouages \u00e9taient des marqueurs de beaut\u00e9 et de f\u00e9minit\u00e9. Le tatouage met de la sorte en sc\u00e8ne plusieurs symboles. Chaque symbole, de la lune \u00e0 l\u2019oeil\u00a0de la perdrix (ain el hajla), est plac\u00e9 dans un endroit particulier et comporte sa propre signification. La perdrix par exemple est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e avec un losange du fait d\u2019un losange blanc pr\u00e9sent sur la t\u00eate et la gorge de l\u2019animal. La perdrix\u00a0en Alg\u00e9rie est un oiseau qui est souvent associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la beaut\u00e9 et \u00e0 la gr\u00e2ce.\u00a0Les tatouages plac\u00e9s sur la poitrines ou au dessus des\u00a0chevilles font usage de motifs repr\u00e9sentant la fertilit\u00e9, tandis que ceux qui sont plac\u00e9s sur les bras tendent \u00e0 mettre en sc\u00e8ne\u00a0des scorpions ou des gazelles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Photo: Symboles de la tribu des Ouadhias \u2013 M. (p\u00e8re blanc) Devulder<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

La fonction du tatouage est \u00e9galement\u00a0th\u00e9rapeutique<\/a>, il vise alors \u00e0 favoriser\u00a0la f\u00e9condit\u00e9 ou prot\u00e9ger du mauvais sort (pouvoir magique) et\u00a0gu\u00e9rir des maladies en l\u2019absence de docteurs. Lorsqu\u2019ils sont des outils\u00a0de gu\u00e9rison, les tatouages \u00e9taient aussi mobilis\u00e9s par certains\u00a0hommes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Enfin, selon la linguiste\u00a0Lucienne Brousse<\/a>, le tatouage est aussi\u00a0un marqueur de\u00a0statut social et d\u2019appartenance clanique. Dans son ouvrage\u00a0Beaut\u00e9 et identit\u00e9 f\u00e9minine : Lewcham<\/em>, elle s\u2019est lanc\u00e9e dans un exercice de reconstitution et d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation des dessins r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par Eliane Ocre, infirmi\u00e8re en Alg\u00e9rie et qui avait recueilli des centaines de symboles de tatouages traditionnels.<\/p>\n

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La palme<\/p>\n

Les relev\u00e9s repr\u00e9sentant la palme, provenant de la r\u00e9gion de Touggourt, au sud-est d\u2019Alger, sont des dessins particuli\u00e8rement riches qui, sauf exception, ne sont pas figuratifs. La palme, tout comme le palmier, a pour certaines femmes le statut (non-dit) de \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9esse-m\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb, source de la richesse et figure protectrice \u00e0 l\u2019instar de l\u2019ombre protectrice du palmier.<\/p>\n

Lucienne Brousse<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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Photo: Tapis alg\u00e9riens \u2013 Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement du territoire, du tourisme et de l\u2019artisanat<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Si le tatouage traditionnel dispara\u00eet au fil des mutations de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, les symboles ont\u00a0cependant \u00e9t\u00e9 transmis de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en g\u00e9n\u00e9ration. En effet, \u00e0 travers les peintures rupestres ou l\u2019artisanat dont le tissage, la poterie, la broderie, la peinture ou encore la gravure, ils occupent une place unique dans les arts et\u00a0constituent un \u00e9l\u00e9ment fondamental du patrimoine alg\u00e9rien.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le tatouage traditionnel en Alg\u00e9rie est\u00a0une pratique pr\u00e9-islamique en voie de disparition\u00a0que l\u2019on retrouve en particulier chez les femmes\u00a0issues des\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9rations pr\u00e9c\u00e9dant l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":71339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art-fr","category-histoire-et-patrimoine"],"yoast_head":"\nLE TATOUAGE TRADITIONNEL EN ALG\u00c9RIE: MYTHES ET R\u00c9ALIT\u00c9 - AAH.JZR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/fr\/le-tatouage-traditionnel-en-algerie-mythes-et-realite-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LE TATOUAGE TRADITIONNEL EN ALG\u00c9RIE: MYTHES ET R\u00c9ALIT\u00c9 - 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