{"id":72377,"date":"2023-03-17T11:26:54","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T10:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/?p=72377"},"modified":"2023-03-17T11:26:54","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T10:26:54","slug":"decouverte-dune-enzyme-transformant-lair-en-electricite-potentielle-nouvelle-source-denergie-propre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jazairhope.org\/fr\/decouverte-dune-enzyme-transformant-lair-en-electricite-potentielle-nouvelle-source-denergie-propre\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9couverte d\u2019une enzyme transformant l\u2019air en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9, potentielle nouvelle source d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre"},"content":{"rendered":"

trustmyscience.com<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

AL24news<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

La crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique que traverse le monde ne s\u2019apaise pas \u00e0 mesure que nous tentons de r\u00e9duire l\u2019utilisation des \u00e9nergies fossiles. Les \u00e9nergies renouvelables ont encore des lacunes de production et de stockage, tandis que la production nucl\u00e9aire d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 divise l\u2019opinion, tout comme les \u00e9oliennes. R\u00e9cemment, des chercheurs ont d\u00e9couvert une enzyme in\u00e9dite capable de produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 simplement \u00e0 partir de l\u2019air. Elle pourrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e comme une pile naturelle et ouvre la voie \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019appareils \u00e9lectroniques ne fonctionnant litt\u00e9ralement qu\u2019avec de l\u2019air !<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Diverses\u00a0bact\u00e9ries a\u00e9robies<\/a>\u00a0(utilisant l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne pour leur m\u00e9tabolisme) se tournent vers l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/a>\u00a0(H2<\/sub>) atmosph\u00e9rique comme source d\u2019\u00e9nergie pour leur croissance et leur survie, lorsque le milieu de vie est pauvre en nutriments.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019ensemble des\u00a0bact\u00e9ries<\/a>\u00a0dot\u00e9es de cette capacit\u00e9 repr\u00e9sente 75% (environ 60 Tg) du H2<\/sub>\u00a0total retir\u00e9 de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re annuellement. Ce processus d\u2019importance mondiale r\u00e9gule donc la composition de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re<\/a>, mais il am\u00e9liore \u00e9galement la biodiversit\u00e9 des sols et stimule la production primaire dans des\u00a0environnements extr\u00eames<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, le m\u00e9canisme permettant la survie des bact\u00e9ries par ce recours \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne tout en tol\u00e9rant l\u2019exposition \u00e0 l\u2019O2<\/sub>\u00a0(qui inhibe la r\u00e9action) restait un myst\u00e8re pour les scientifiques. R\u00e9cemment, des chercheurs australiens ont d\u00e9couvert une enzyme (pr\u00e9sente dans ce type de bact\u00e9rie) capable de convertir l\u2019air en \u00e9nergie. Ils r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que cette derni\u00e8re, nomm\u00e9e Huc, utilise les faibles quantit\u00e9s d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne pr\u00e9sentes dans l\u2019air pour produire un courant \u00e9lectrique, laissant entrevoir une utilisation dans de futurs appareils fournissant \u00ab litt\u00e9ralement de l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e0 partir de rien\u00a0\u00bb selon les auteurs. Leurs travaux sont publi\u00e9s dans la revue\u00a0Nature<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Une bact\u00e9rie commune et son enzyme \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9lectrique\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/h2>\n

Il faut savoir que des travaux r\u00e9cents de l\u2019\u00e9quipe ont montr\u00e9 que de nombreuses bact\u00e9ries utilisent l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re comme source d\u2019\u00e9nergie dans des environnements pauvres en nutriments, comme mentionn\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le professeur Chris Greening du Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute de Melbourne (Australie), explique dans un\u00a0communiqu\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0:\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0[Ce m\u00e9canisme aide les bact\u00e9ries]\u00a0\u00e0 se d\u00e9velopper et \u00e0 survivre, y compris dans les sols antarctiques et les crat\u00e8res volcaniques et l\u2019oc\u00e9an profond. Mais nous ne savions pas comment elles avaient fait cela, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 maintenant<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9quipe s\u2019est int\u00e9ress\u00e9e plus particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 la bact\u00e9rie commune\u00a0Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/em>, vivant dans le sol. Elle ne provoque pas de maladies et est relativement bien \u00e9tudi\u00e9e en raison de son utilisation comme mod\u00e8le d\u2019organisme pour la\u00a0tuberculose<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Concr\u00e8tement, l\u2019\u00e9quipe devait isoler l\u2019enzyme Huc de cette bact\u00e9rie, ce qui repr\u00e9sente un d\u00e9fi, comme l\u2019explique le Dr Rhys Grinter de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Monash. Ils ont d\u00fb d\u00e9velopper \u00ab\u00a0une s\u00e9rie de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes pour, d\u2019abord, cultiver les bact\u00e9ries, puis les \u2018ouvrir\u2019, puis utiliser la chimie pour essayer d\u2019isoler ce composant unique<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour ce faire, ils ont utilis\u00e9 la microscopie avanc\u00e9e (cryo-EM) pour d\u00e9terminer la structure atomique et les voies \u00e9lectriques de l\u2019enzyme. Ils ont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 une technique appel\u00e9e \u00e9lectrochimie pour d\u00e9montrer que l\u2019enzyme purifi\u00e9e cr\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0\u00e0 des concentrations d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne infimes.<\/span><\/p>\n

En termes simples, l\u2019enzyme Huc fonctionne comme un pi\u00e9geur de gaz hydrog\u00e8ne et, contrairement \u00e0 tous les autres enzymes et catalyseurs chimiques connus, elle peut consommer le gaz en dessous des niveaux atmosph\u00e9riques \u2014 aussi peu que 0,00005% de l\u2019air que nous respirons. De cette fa\u00e7on, elle peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme analogue \u00e0 une pile naturelle, produisant un petit courant \u00e9lectrique \u00e0 partir d\u2019air ou d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ajout\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\"enzyme

Repr\u00e9sentation d\u2019artiste de Huc consommant l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne de l\u2019air. l\u2019\u00e9nergie\u00a0\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/figure>\n

<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Le Dr Grinter explique qu\u2019il existe un certain nombre d\u2019applications potentielles, n\u00e9cessitant encore beaucoup de travaux, mais la voie de recherche est trac\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

En premier lieu, l\u2019enzyme pourrait servir \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper de petits appareils \u00e0 air comprim\u00e9 comme alternative aux appareils \u00e0\u00a0\u00e9nergie solaire<\/a>\u00a0par exemple. Cependant, il faut doter ces appareils de plus d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne que la concentration atmosph\u00e9rique, afin que Huc puisse produire une quantit\u00e9<\/span> suffisante d\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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